Category Archives: History

On this Day in History: 1917 Balfour Declaration

Arthur Balfour spent 1905 keeping Jews out of Britain and 1917 finding them somewhere else to go. The two sides of his mouth worked as a single policy, and today we mourn how it worked.

The first part was the border. As Prime Minister, Balfour had carried the Aliens Act of 1905, the first peacetime immigration control in British law, written for Jews fleeing the Russian pogroms. In committee on 10 July 1905 he gave the Commons his reason, recorded in Hansard at col. 155:

He undoubtedly thought that a state of things could easily be imagined in which it would not be to the advantage of the civilisation of the country that there should be an immense body of persons who, however patriotic, able, and industrious, however much they threw themselves into the national life, still, by their own action, remained a people apart, and not merely held a religion differing from the vast majority of their fellow-countrymen, but only inter-married among themselves.

The same evening he named the alternative. His government had offered “the Jewish race a great tract of fertile land in one of our possessions” so that they might find “an asylum from their persecutors” there (Hansard, col. 178).

Where was that? The land was in East Africa. A closed port at home was coupled with a colony abroad: Jews go elsewhere.

The second part was selling a destination. By 1917 Balfour was Foreign Secretary and the colony had moved to Palestine. A famous Jew serving in the Cabinet said out loud what Balfour meant. Edwin Montagu circulated a memorandum on 23 August 1917 titled “The Anti-Semitism of the Present (British) Government“. He warned that once Jews were told Palestine was their national home, “every country will immediately desire to get rid of its Jewish citizens,” and that “Palestine will become the world’s ghetto” (UN study, Part I, sect. II).

Montagu, despite concern for Jews, himself being one too, lost the debate. A clause was added on “the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country” to mollify him. It was meant in words only.

The third part was militancy. The War Cabinet approved the text on 31 October 1917. The minute records Balfour’s argument that since Jews in Russia and America appeared to favour Zionism, a declaration in their favour would let Britain “carry on extremely useful propaganda both in Russia and America” (CAB 23/4, WC 261, minute 12). The premise was that Jews moved as a bloc and could be bought during war. That premise is antisemitic on the face of it. The Cabinet purchased Jewish wartime support with Arab land.

Balfour said so once the bill came due, in a memorandum to Curzon on 11 August 1919 (UN study, Part I, sect. IV):

For in Palestine we do not propose even to go through the form of consulting the wishes of the present inhabitants of the country, though the American Commission has been going through the form of asking what they are. The four Great Powers are committed to Zionism. And Zionism, be it right or wrong, good or bad, is rooted in age-long traditions, in present needs, in future hopes, of far profounder import than the desires and prejudices of the 700,000 Arabs who now inhabit that ancient land.

The famous declaration by Balfour of 2 November 1917 reads as though he had sympathy for Jews. His own words show what the sympathy consisted of: from the London docks in 1905 to Curzon’s desk in 1919, at every point the Jews are a people spread apart, to be relocated into a single population that can be pulled as a single lever. The Arabs of Palestine appear twice in his papers: once as “existing non-Jewish communities“, and once as a number to be overridden.

Atlantic PHP Hero Worship Puts a Tip Jar on Open Source

The Atlantic has published a hero story to frame open source software as about one man. Ondřej Surý packages PHP for Debian and Ubuntu as a volunteer, and when the PHP2Shell fix shipped this week the magazine headlined him as the one man standing between the internet and ruin.

Already you should be very skeptical. Anyone trying to describe the entire decentralized Internet as dependent on a single man, is obviously off their rocker.

Readers answered the article by acting like aristocrats who need to gift money to servants they approve. Surý told Charlie Warzel that a year of donations arrived in a single day. Imagine the anxiety of wondering how to make that happen again, how to appeal or request more.

Surý told Warzel exactly what is wrong:

I would like companies to realize that this is exploitation.

The interview has the indictment right there in it. The body says exploitation, the headline says tip jar.

I wrote about where the aristocratic jar comes from twelve years ago. Tipping arrived in America after the Civil War as an imitation of European aristocratic custom, and employers kept it because it let them hire freed Black workers and leave their pay to the goodwill of customers (e.g. racism to keep Blacks from earning parity and prosperity).

The Pullman Company built its porter wage system on tips. Washington became the first state to outlaw tipping in 1909 and repealed the ban in 1913, and every state ban was gone by 1926. The federal tipped minimum wage still sits at $2.13 an hour.

The porters knew the answer.

When the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized in 1925, its demands to Pullman included a significant raise, rest breaks, pensions and an end to tipping. Pullman fought the union for a decade and signed its first contract in August 1937. The porters asked for a living wage from the company that profited from their work.

That demand maps onto open source exactly. The companies running PHP in production owe its maintainers a salary with health insurance and paid leave, set by contract and funded at the scale of the revenue PHP carries for them. A donation surge after a magazine profile repeats the Pullman arrangement, where the employer keeps the value and the passenger feels generous, even caring. Patreon carries this broken, exploitative old order in its name.

Patronage is how aristocrats trapped court artists.

The Atlantic also completely ignored the public money already flowing to PHP. Germany’s federal Sovereign Tech Agency invested €205,000 in the PHP Foundation across 2023 and 2024 for infrastructure and security work, and committed about €223,000 more for 2025 and 2026. That is what institutional support looks like: a public commission with a budget, a work plan and delivered results. The Atlantic desire to pump a single man into a hero narrative has to leave the community out, because a state agency paying for PHP security exposes the aristocratic tipping for what it is, an imbalanced gift standing in for a wage.

The hero story also costs security.

An engineer who finds a single point of failure records it as a defect to fix. The Atlantic frames one as a tribute, with a name, to a national audience, as if single points of failure were something to celebrate. The xz backdoor in 2024 was planted by pressuring one exhausted maintainer until he accepted a new co-maintainer. This journalist profiling a volunteer as the one guy the Internet supposedly depends on is painting a huge target for attackers.

It also misreports the week. PHP2Shell carried high attack complexity, and the public evidence of compromise stayed thin. The same week brought plenty more to patch in open source:

  • Pillow, the Python imaging library, shipped 13.0.0 on 16 October with fixes for 42 advisories. Four of them received CVE records on 19 October rated 9.2 under CVSS v4.0, the same version PHP uses, and three of those four rate attack complexity high. The worst lets a crafted FlashPix file run code on an upload service that has olefile installed.
  • Node.js shipped ten fixes on 21 October, the same day as PHP, four rated high, including bypasses of TLS hostname checks and an out-of-bounds write in its bundled Brotli decoder that Node says permits remote code execution. The upstream Brotli fix describes the same bug as low severity and hard to exploit.
  • GitLab fixed CVE-2026-110264 on 21 October, rated 10.0, an integer overflow in its regular expression engine that lets an attacker run code on a self-managed server without logging in. It reaches back to GitLab 7.0 from 2014.
  • LiteLLM, a Python gateway that holds the API keys for AI providers, had its release pipeline hijacked on 21 October. For about two hours PyPI and the official Docker images shipped a credential stealer in a package with roughly 23 million weekly downloads.
  • Qdrant, the vector database, published a critical advisory on 22 October, rated 9.8, because its internal gRPC API accepts unauthenticated calls by default in distributed mode, which I formally reported myself on 9 July.

GitLab and Qdrant both outscore PHP2Shell, and both rate attack complexity low. Hey Atlantic, where’s the profile of the people doing that work so they can get a tip too? It sounds nuts because it is. People doing work shouldn’t depend on the whims of tip jars.

Days earlier, a researcher found that eight eMudhra intermediate certificate authorities had private keys anyone could recover. A botched step in eMudhra’s 2025 key ceremony produced keys that were tiny numbers, one of them just 4, and two audits missed it. That flaw reached the trust behind every HTTPS connection. Google and Mozilla blocked the keys the day the report arrived, Apple followed two days later, and the Node.js release dropped trust in them too.

Salaried root program and release teams did their jobs, and the story ended as it should. That is what infrastructure looks like when it is run like infrastructure. Imagine a tip jar on everything and you would start to ask why can’t someone just build an economic model.

Surý closed his interview by telling people to rely on the experts who know what they are doing. That is an argument for institutions.

A magazine founded by abolitionists in 1857 should know the difference between a worker and a servant, and print the porters’ demand: end the tipping injustice and pay the workers.

Shove the tips all the way back to the European aristocracy that invented them.

Opa war kein Nazi, sagt die Familie: Weber, Merz und die ungelesenen Akten

English | Deutsch

Isabella Weber hat ein neues Buch. Der Guardian hat es am 16. Oktober vorgestellt: Anti-Fascist Economics: In Defence of Affordability, Dignity and Democracy (Allen Lane). Das Rezept passt in einen Satz, und der Artikel liefert ihn: make life’s necessities affordable.

“Fascism is rising from frustration, born out of a crisis of livelihoods,” says Weber. “So, we need to reclaim these essentials now.”

Die deutsche Aktenlage sagt das Gegenteil. Niedrige Preise waren ein Werkzeug des faschistischen Regimes. Gegen das Regime haben sie nichts ausgerichtet.

Die Preise fielen von 1929 bis 1932 in jedem Jahr. Heinrich Brüning regierte mit Notverordnungen, senkte Löhne, Gehälter und Sozialleistungen und erhöhte Steuern; die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung nennt das radikale Deflationspolitik und verzeichnet den Beinamen, den sie ihm eintrug: „Hungerkanzler“. Seine vierte Notverordnung vom 8. Dezember 1931 ließ die Preise nicht nur fallen. Sie ordnete die Senkung an. Gebundene Preise, also Kartell- und Markenartikelpreise, waren ab Januar 1932 um mindestens zehn Prozent gegenüber dem Stand von Mitte 1931 zu senken, überwacht von einem Reichskommissar für Preisüberwachung mit Durchsetzungsbefugnissen, wie ein Bericht aus dem Büro des Kommissars 1933 darlegt. Die registrierte Arbeitslosigkeit überschritt im selben Winter sechs Millionen.

Der Stimmenanteil der NSDAP stieg in jedem dieser Jahre.

Reichstagswahl Anteil NSDAP
20. Mai 1928 2,6 %
14. September 1930 18,3 %
31. Juli 1932 37,3 %
6. November 1932 33,1 %

Quelle: Deutscher Bundestag. Sieben Monate nach einer Verordnung, die die Preise um zehn Prozent senkte, holte die NSDAP 37,3 Prozent und wurde stärkste Fraktion im Reichstag.

Webers Schule hat darauf eine Antwort, und sie hat Belege. Galofré-Vilà, Meissner, McKee und Stuckler, “Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party”, Journal of Economic History (2021), haben Wahldaten aus tausend Kreisen und hundert Städten für vier Wahlen zwischen 1930 und 1933 mit Ausgabenkürzungen und Steuererhöhungen abgeglichen und dort höhere NSDAP-Anteile gefunden, wo die Kürzungen am tiefsten gingen. Ich akzeptiere den Befund. Man lese, was er misst. Die Variable ist der Rückzug des Staates: gekürzte Leistungen, erhöhte Steuern. Die Preise liegen außerhalb, weil dieselbe Regierung sie zur selben Zeit nach unten drückte. Austerität und billige Waren kamen zusammen, und die Stimmen gingen an die Partei, die Arbeit und Rache versprach. Billiges Brot hat der Republik nichts eingebracht.

Dann das Ende, das ein Geschäft war. Die NSDAP verlor im November 1932 zwei Millionen Stimmen. Hindenburg ernannte Hitler am 30. Januar 1933 nach diesem Verlust zum Reichskanzler, in einem Kabinett, das Franz von Papen und die Konservativen um den Reichspräsidenten arrangiert hatten. Die Reichstagsbrandverordnung vom 28. Februar setzte die Grundrechte außer Kraft. Die Wahl vom 5. März fand unter dem Terror der SA statt. Der Reichstag nahm am 23. März das Ermächtigungsgesetz an, und das Gesetz vom 14. Juli 1933 machte die NSDAP zur einzigen zugelassenen Partei. Ernannt, dann verankert. Eine Mehrheit hat zu keinem Zeitpunkt dafür gestimmt.

Dann tat das Regime, was Weber empfiehlt. Am 26. November 1936 erließ der Reichskommissar für die Preisbildung die Verordnung über das Verbot von Preiserhöhungen, ein allgemeines Verbot von Preiserhöhungen für Waren, Dienstleistungen und Mieten, festgeschrieben auf den Stand vom 18. Oktober 1936; das Berliner Institut für Konjunkturforschung berichtete über die Verordnung in der Woche ihres Erlasses. Im März 1937 hielt dasselbe Institut fest, dass die Preise des Groß- und Einzelhandels noch immer ein Fünftel bis ein Viertel unter ihrem Höchststand von 1928/29 lagen. Der Preisstopp deckelte die Inflation, die die Aufrüstung über Mefo-Wechsel aufgebaut hatte. Adam Tooze legt den Mechanismus in The Wages of Destruction (2006) dar: Preise auf dem Papier gehalten, während die Qualität sank und die Waren knapp wurden, am wenigsten zu verbergen in der Fettlücke von 1935 und 1936. Das Regime lieferte den Anschein bezahlbarer Grundgüter, und der Anschein genügte.

Götz Aly ging in Hitlers Volksstaat (2005) weiter: Das Regime habe sich Loyalität mit Steuererleichterungen und Wohltaten erkauft, finanziert durch Raub und „Arisierung“. Die These ist umstritten. Tooze antwortete in der taz, Aly habe die Kosten des Krieges für die Deutschen grob unterschätzt, weil er nur die Steuern zähle und die Anleihen weglasse; Johannes Bähr nannte das Buch die Legende von der „Wohlfühldiktatur“. Dieser Streit geht um die Frage, wer bezahlt hat. In dem Punkt, auf den es hier ankommt, sind sich die Parteien einig: Billige Grundgüter, echt oder inszeniert, waren eine Technik des Regimes.

Eine Demokratie, die ihren Fall auf billige Grundgüter stützt, hat keine Antwort, wenn ein starker Mann sie billiger liefert. Das zeigt 1936.

Webers eigenes Beispiel im Artikel zeigt den Mechanismus im Betrieb. Mexikanische Händler deckeln den Gesamtpreis eines Korbs von zwei Dutzend Grundgütern, der canasta básica, und die Regierung belohnt sie mit Zoll- und Steuererleichterungen, “and at a weekly press conference lauds those who do a good job and calls out those who don’t”. Das Urteil des Artikels: “In Mexico’s 2024 presidential election, the governing Morena party increased its vote share from 55% to 61%.”

Dieselbe Regierungspartei hat das Mandat dann eingesetzt. Im September 2024 verabschiedete der Kongress die Justizreform, die jeden Richter des Landes zur Volkswahl stellt, und eine Mehrheit der Bundesstaaten ratifizierte sie. Acht der elf Richter des Obersten Gerichtshofs, die Präsidentin des Gerichts darunter, traten zurück, statt zu kandidieren. Bezahlbarkeit kaufte Stimmen für eine Regierung, die Macht konzentriert. Das Beispiel spricht gegen das Buch, das es anführt.

Der Demagoge kann versprechen, ohne zu liefern, und einen Feind beschuldigen, wenn das Versprechen scheitert. Donald Trump in Bozeman, Montana, am 9. August 2024:

Starting on day one, we will end inflation and make America affordable again, to bring down the prices of all goods.

Trump in einer Kabinettssitzung am 2. Dezember 2025:

Look, affordability’s a hoax that was started by Democrats who caused the problem of pricing.

Das ist der volle Zyklus in sechzehn Monaten. Eine Ökonomin, die den Fall der Demokratie auf Bezahlbarkeit baut, tritt zu den Bedingungen des Demagogen an, und der Demagoge darf lügen.

Der Artikel schließt mit der Familie.

Family legend is that her grandfather, a priest in the Ruhr Valley, refused to hang a swastika in his church.

Der Satz stammt vom Journalisten, und “family legend” ist seine Formulierung. Der Großvater bleibt ungenannt. Die Legende ist der gesamte Beleg.

Die Akten existieren, und sie sind zugänglich. Ein “priest” mit Enkeln im Ruhrgebiet ist aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ein evangelischer Pfarrer. Die evangelische Kirche führte Personalakten über ihre Geistlichen, und diese Akten liegen je nach Gemeinde im Landeskirchlichen Archiv der Evangelischen Kirche von Westfalen in Bielefeld oder im Archiv der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland in Düsseldorf. Die NSDAP-Mitgliederkartei liegt im Bundesarchiv, das auf seiner eigenen Seite festhält, dass ein unterschriebener Aufnahmeantrag Bedingung der Aufnahme war. Die Entnazifizierungsakten für ganz Nordrhein-Westfalen liegen im Landesarchiv NRW in Duisburg, das im August 2023 rund 610.000 davon online gestellt hat, nach Namen durchsuchbar.

Das Hakenkreuz in der Kirche ist selbst eine dokumentierte Frage. Kirchen mit Hakenkreuzen zu schmücken war die Praxis der Deutschen Christen, der nationalsozialistischen Fraktion, die die Kirchenwahlen vom Juli 1933 gewann. Pfarrer, die sich weigerten, hinterließen Akten: Otto Mörike in Württemberg verlangte im März 1933, dass die Fahne von seinem Kirchturm abgenommen wird, und die Flaggenerlasse seiner Landeskirche aus jenem Frühjahr stehen in der Akte. Die Frage, die eine Akte beantwortet, lautet also, auf welcher Seite die Kirche des Großvaters stand, Deutsche Christen oder Bekennende Kirche. Eine Legende beantwortet nichts. Ich behaupte nichts darüber, wer er war oder was er tat. Der Punkt ist, dass sie Legende anbietet, wo Akten vorliegen.

Ihre Großvatergeschichte ist das nationale Muster, keine Ausnahme. Harald Welzer, Sabine Moller und Karoline Tschuggnall haben für „Opa war kein Nazi“. Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust im Familiengedächtnis (Fischer, 2002) vierzig deutsche Familien befragt. Die Familien behalten die offizielle Erzählung von der deutschen Schuld bei und verschieben die eigenen Großeltern auf die Seite der Zuschauer, der Opfer und der Widerständler, und mit jeder Generation wird der Großvater besser. Der Begriff der Autoren dafür ist kumulative Heroisierung.

Die andere Seite der deutschen Politik erzählt dieselbe Geschichte. Friedrich Merz über seinen Großvater Josef Paul Sauvigny, Bürgermeister von Brilon von 1917 bis 1937:

Datum Aussage oder Akte
2004, Merz schriftlich Großvater „ohne eigenes Zutun“ in die NSDAP eingetreten, habe sich „geweigert“ beizutreten, sei „kein Nationalsozialist“ gewesen
Januar 2025, Merz im Zeit-Podcast „Alles gesagt“ Großvater „in diese Abgründe des Nationalsozialismus hineingeraten“
März 1936, Vermerk des Landrats Sauvigny „von Anfang an als SA-Mann eifrig betätigt“
Personalakte, Landesarchiv NRW Mitgliedsantrag gestellt zwischen Mai 1933 und Februar 1936
NSDAP-Mitgliederkartei, Bundesarchiv Mitglied seit 1. Mai 1937

Kersten Augustin und Martin Teigeler haben die Akten am 8. Mai 2025 in der taz veröffentlicht. Merz hat der taz nicht geantwortet. Ein Detail aus ihrem Text: Der Wortlaut von Merz aus dem Jahr 2004 deckt sich fast wörtlich mit der Erklärung, mit der sich sein Großvater 1946 vor dem Entnazifizierungsausschuss selbst entlastete. Die Familienlegende war der Persilschein des Großvaters, unverändert weitergereicht.

Ein konservativer Bundeskanzler und eine antifaschistische Ökonomin erzählen dieselbe Familiengeschichte. Das Muster ist national, nicht parteilich.

Die Würde steht im Titel des Buches. In den Akten hat das Regime, das die Preise einfror, jedem die Würde genommen, den es dafür auswählte, und der Preisstopp half ihm, die übrigen zu halten. Eine Demokratie, die ihren Fall auf billige Grundgüter stützt, hat keine Antwort, wenn ein starker Mann sie billiger liefert. Das zeigt 1936.

Low Prices Were a Nazi Tool: Isabella Weber’s Anti-Fascist Economics Gets 1936 Backwards

English | Deutsch

Isabella Weber has a new book out. The Guardian profiled it on 16 October: Anti-Fascist Economics: In Defence of Affordability, Dignity and Democracy (Allen Lane). The prescription fits in one sentence, and the article gives it in one: make life’s necessities affordable.

“Fascism is rising from frustration, born out of a crisis of livelihoods,” says Weber. “So, we need to reclaim these essentials now.”

The German record says the opposite. Low prices were a tool of the fascist regime. They did nothing to stop it.

Prices fell every year from 1929 to 1932. Heinrich Brüning governed by emergency decree, cut wages, salaries and benefits and raised taxes; the Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung calls it radical deflation and records the name it earned him, “Hungerkanzler”. His fourth emergency decree of 8 December 1931 went beyond letting prices fall. It ordered them down. Bound prices, meaning cartel and branded-goods prices, had to be cut by at least ten percent against their mid-1931 level from January 1932, under a Reich commissioner for price supervision with powers to enforce it, as a 1933 account from inside the commissioner’s office sets out. Registered unemployment passed six million the same winter.

The Nazi vote rose through every one of those years.

Reichstag election NSDAP share
20 May 1928 2.6 %
14 September 1930 18.3 %
31 July 1932 37.3 %
6 November 1932 33.1 %

Source: Deutscher Bundestag. Seven months after a decree cutting prices by ten percent, the NSDAP took 37.3 percent and became the largest party in the Reichstag.

Weber’s school has an answer to this, and it has evidence. Galofré-Vilà, Meissner, McKee and Stuckler, “Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party”, Journal of Economic History (2021), matched voting data from a thousand districts and a hundred cities across four elections between 1930 and 1933 against spending cuts and tax increases, and found higher Nazi vote shares where the cuts went deepest. I accept the finding. Read what it measures. The variable is the state withdrawing: benefits cut, taxes raised. Prices sit outside it, because the same government was pushing prices down at the same time. Austerity and cheap goods arrived together, and the vote went to the party promising work and revenge. Cheap bread bought the republic nothing.

Then the end, which was a transaction. The NSDAP lost two million votes in November 1932. Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933 after that loss, in a cabinet arranged by Franz von Papen and the conservatives around the president. The Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February suspended civil liberties. The election of 5 March was held under SA terror. The Reichstag passed the Enabling Act on 23 March, and the law of 14 July 1933 made the NSDAP the only legal party. Appointed, then entrenched. A majority voted for it at no point.

The regime then did what Weber recommends. On 26 November 1936 the Reich commissioner for price formation issued the Verordnung über das Verbot von Preiserhöhungen, a general ban on price increases for goods, services and rents, pegged to the level of 18 October 1936; the Berlin Institut für Konjunkturforschung reported the decree the week it came out. In March 1937 the same institute recorded that wholesale and retail prices still stood a fifth to a quarter below their 1928/29 peak. The freeze capped the inflation that rearmament on MEFO bills had built up. Adam Tooze sets out the mechanism in The Wages of Destruction (2006): prices held on paper while quality fell and goods ran short, the fat shortage of 1935 and 1936 being the case the regime could least hide. The regime delivered the appearance of affordable essentials, and the appearance was enough.

Götz Aly went further in Hitlers Volksstaat (2005): the regime bought loyalty with tax relief and benefits financed by plunder and “Aryanisation”. The thesis is contested. Tooze answered in the taz that Aly had grossly underestimated what the war cost Germans by counting taxes and leaving out the bonds; Johannes Bähr called the book the legend of the “Wohlfühldiktatur”. That dispute is about who paid. On the point that matters here the parties agree: cheap essentials, real or staged, were a technique of the regime.

A democracy whose case rests on cheap essentials has no answer when a strongman delivers them cheaper, and that’s what 1936 shows.

Weber’s own example in the article shows the mechanism running today. Mexican retailers cap the total price of a basket of two dozen essentials, the canasta básica, and the government rewards them with tariff and tax relief, “and at a weekly press conference lauds those who do a good job and calls out those who don’t”. The article’s verdict: “In Mexico’s 2024 presidential election, the governing Morena party increased its vote share from 55% to 61%.”

The same governing party then spent the mandate. In September 2024 Congress passed, and a majority of states ratified, the judicial overhaul that puts every judge in the country up for popular election. Eight of the eleven justices of the Supreme Court, the chief justice among them, resigned rather than stand. Affordability bought votes for a government concentrating power. The example argues against the book that cites it.

The demagogue can promise without delivering and blame an enemy when the promise fails. Donald Trump in Bozeman, Montana, 9 August 2024:

Starting on day one, we will end inflation and make America affordable again, to bring down the prices of all goods.

Trump at a cabinet meeting, 2 December 2025:

Look, affordability’s a hoax that was started by Democrats who caused the problem of pricing.

That is the full cycle in sixteen months. An economist who builds democracy’s case on affordability competes on the demagogue’s terms, and the demagogue is free to lie.

The article closes with family.

Family legend is that her grandfather, a priest in the Ruhr Valley, refused to hang a swastika in his church.

The sentence is the journalist’s, and “family legend” is his phrase. The grandfather goes unnamed. The legend is the whole evidence.

The records exist, and they are open. A priest with grandchildren in the Ruhr is in all likelihood an evangelischer Pfarrer. The Protestant church kept personnel files on its clergy, and those files sit in the Landeskirchliches Archiv of the Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen in Bielefeld or the Archiv der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland in Düsseldorf, depending on the parish. The NSDAP membership card index sits in the Bundesarchiv, which states on its own site that a signed application was a condition of admission. The denazification files for all of North Rhine-Westphalia sit in the Landesarchiv NRW in Duisburg, which put about 610,000 of them online in August 2023, searchable by name.

The swastika in the church is itself a documented question. Decorating churches with swastikas was the practice of the Deutsche Christen, the Nazi faction that won the church elections of July 1933. Pastors who refused left records: Otto Mörike in Württemberg demanded in March 1933 that the flag come down from his church tower, and his Landeskirche’s own flag decrees of that spring are in the file. So the question a record answers is which side the grandfather’s church stood on, Deutsche Christen or Bekennende Kirche. A legend answers nothing. I make no claim about who he was or what he did. The point is that she offers legend where records exist.

Her grandfather story is the national pattern, not an exception. Harald Welzer, Sabine Moller and Karoline Tschuggnall interviewed forty German families for “Opa war kein Nazi”. Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust im Familiengedächtnis (Fischer, 2002). Families keep the official story of German guilt and move their own grandparents across to the bystanders, the victims and the resisters, and with each generation the grandfather improves. The authors’ term is kumulative Heroisierung.

The other side of German politics tells the same story. Friedrich Merz on his grandfather Josef Paul Sauvigny, mayor of Brilon from 1917 to 1937:

Date Statement or record
2004, Merz in writing Grandfather entered the NSDAP “ohne eigenes Zutun”, had “geweigert” to join, was “kein Nationalsozialist”
January 2025, Merz in the Zeit podcast “Alles gesagt” Grandfather “in diese Abgründe des Nationalsozialismus hineingeraten”
March 1936, Landrat’s file note Sauvigny “von Anfang an als SA-Mann eifrig betätigt”
Personnel file, Landesarchiv NRW Membership application made between May 1933 and February 1936
NSDAP card index, Bundesarchiv Member from 1 May 1937

Kersten Augustin and Martin Teigeler published the files in the taz on 8 May 2025. Merz did not answer the taz. One detail from their piece: the 2004 wording from Merz matches almost word for word the statement his grandfather gave the denazification committee in 1946 to clear himself. The family legend was the grandfather’s own Persilschein, handed down intact.

A conservative chancellor and an anti-fascist economist tell the same family story. The pattern is national, not partisan.

Dignity is in the title of the book. In the record, the regime that froze prices also stripped dignity from everyone it chose, and the freeze helped it hold the rest. A democracy whose case rests on cheap essentials has no answer when a strongman delivers them cheaper, and that’s what 1936 shows.