Years ago NPR did a nice breakdown of the American efforts to overthrow the Iranian government in 1953.
ABDELFATAH: OK, so Kermit Roosevelt entered Iran on July 19 with a pretty big mission ahead of him – stage a coup to get rid of Iran’s prime minister, Mohammad Mossadegh.
ARABLOUEI: And we’ll explain why in a bit.
ABDELFATAH: But the first question Roosevelt had to answer…
KINZER: I’ve asked myself this question.
ABDELFATAH: …Was, how?
KINZER: So you’re sent into a foreign country. And your assignment is overthrow the government. What do you do? Like, what do you do on the first day? Nine o’clock, you get to the office. How do you start?
ABDELFATAH: Even though the CIA had devised a plan for Roosevelt, no one was sure it would actually work. It was suddenly up to Roosevelt to destabilize a whole country.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
ARABLOUEI: Step one.
KINZER: Seize control of the Iranian press.
ARABLOUEI: Basically, buy them off with bribes.
KINZER: It turned out that the press was quite corrupt.
ARABLOUEI: And soon enough, Roosevelt had columnists, editors and reporters from most of Iran’s newspapers on his payroll. Then anti-Mossadegh propaganda began printing everywhere.
KINZER: Mossadegh was a Jew, a homosexual, a British agent, anything that they thought would outrage people.
ARABLOUEI: There was such an appetite for these stories that Iranian journalists just couldn’t keep up, so Roosevelt had to recruit CIA agents back in Washington to write some of the articles for the Iranian press.
KINZER: In fact, one of them later wrote a memoir. And he talked about how bizarre it was. At the CIA, you had the people plotting the Iran coup, and then you had analysts on the other side who weren’t aware of the covert action. And he said, I would write an article about how Mossadegh was an atheist, and he hated God. And then a couple of days later, a guy from the other side of the hall in the analysis division would run over to my office holding up an Iranian newspaper and saying, wow. You won’t believe how the newspapers in Iran are denouncing Mossadegh. Look at this article. And I couldn’t tell him, I wrote that article.
That’s just the setup. The first coup attempt failed. And then came the second. Here’s the punch line.
ABDELFATAH: Roosevelt set the stage for his second coup attempt. And on August 19, it began.
ARABLOUEI: Hundreds and hundreds of rioters filled the streets of Tehran. And, in a word, it was chaos.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
UNIDENTIFIED REPORTER #7: Three hundred killed and hundreds wounded is a conservative estimate.
KINZER: And his plan was this. First of all, hire gangs of Iranians through people who controlled criminal protection rackets, and pay them to go out on the street and cause chaos.
ABDELFATAH: So Roosevelt actually paid criminals and gang members to storm into the city.
ARABLOUEI: Beat up people in the streets.
ABDELFATAH: Break shop windows.
KINZER: Shoot your guns into mosques.
ABDELFATAH: And while doing all that, yell…
KINZER: We love Mossadegh. We love communism.
ARABLOUEI: And then…
KINZER: He hired a second mob to attack the first mob.
ARABLOUEI: Which led to bloody, violent clashes between the two mobs.
ABDELFATAH: And the really trippy thing was that everybody involved…
KINZER: Everybody involved in the battles was being paid to be there. But what they didn’t know was they were being paid by the same source.
ARABLOUEI: The CIA – and all of this was designed to create confusion and to signal that Mossadegh was the source of the violence in the country, that he was losing control, which was becoming more and more true.
And so, the CIA overthrew a democratically elected government in Iran.





