A management professor at WSB University in Bydgoszcz, Poland has published an impressive biography of the amazing codebreaker Marian Rejewski. We are very fortunate since Rejewski largely has been completely ignored by Americans and British who have fixated and over-sensationalized another man (Alan Turing).

The First Enigma Codebreaker:
Marian Rejewski Who Passed the Baton to Alan Turing
By Robert Gawlowski

Published: April 15, 2023
ISBN-10: 1399069101
ISBN-13: 9781399069106
Pen and Sword Military

The fact that this book is promoted by the U.S. Naval Institute says to me people who really know codebreaking, and the balance of secrecy with integrity, are trying to get the word out.

The fact that Robert Gawlowski comes from the same hometown as Marian Rejewski… well, you get the idea.

Alan Turing’s story is important. It should be known, not least of all because he was killed by his own government due to ignorance and bias. But telling the sad Turing tale also shouldn’t take away from the fact that Rejewski and many, many others have very important stories to be known as well.

And I don’t mean just rehashing French military literature of the 1970s, as it were. Gawlowski brings a distinctly Polish perspective to the story of a Polish war hero, challenging British dominance over English storytelling.

Rejewski was unquestionably the first person to break the German Enigma, and also a man who kept the utmost secrecy for years, which undermined his reputation of being the first. Note the complete absence of credit in articles like this one:

Among the academics were great figures in the history of computer science, not least Max Newman, whose lectures Alan Turing attended at Cambridge University. Newman’s work at Bletchley was critical to cracking the “Tunny” code used by the German High Command. Convinced that codebreaking could be mechanised, he was a driving force in the creation of Colossus, the world’s first programmable computer. It was the remarkable technological breakthroughs of Newman, Turing, Welchman and others that the scholar George Steiner had in mind when he described Bletchley as perhaps the greatest achievement of Britain not just in the Second World War but in the 20th Century.

Newman was convinced codebreaking could be mechanised because Rejewski already proved it to be true with his early cyclometer and then a 1938 “Bomba”… before Bletchley Park even existed.

Poland’s decryption work was so superior to Nazi military intelligence, while remaining entirely unknown, that the British on first glance basically refused to believe that Rejewski’s team could be so very far ahead of everyone else in the world. It’s not hard to imagine in that context why the Polish distrusted British intelligence, let alone the French.

For reference, here’s a quick recap of a timeline showing where clever Poles entered the fray relative to the late arrival of British interest:

• 1918 Arthur Sherbius’ proposal for rotor-based encryption device is denied by the German Navy
• 1923 Sherbius founds a company that markets his encryption proposal as a machine for privacy of banks and post offices
• 1926 The German Navy starts using one version of Sherbius’ machine
• 1927 The German Army starts using another version of Sherbius’ machine
• 1928 The Polish Ciper Bureau acquires a commercial version of Sherbius’ machine
• 1929 Poznan University runs a cryptography course, where three students stand out in the exams: Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Rozycki

You should be asking at this point where are the British in 1928, given that Germany is known to be using Sherbius’ machines in Navy and Army communication. Indeed, the British seem to have been primarily interested in the use of such machines by Spain and Italy.

Germany was not investigated by the British with the same serious urgency as in Poland, or France for that matter. In fact by the end of 1931 the French Intelligence had a mole in the German signals service with the codename Asche (Hans Thilo Schmidt).

Polish and French attention to German encryption is critical to understand because in 1932 Germany introduced the Enigma I — the foundation of its rotor-based Sherbius’ machines throughout WWII. That was also the year Marian Rejewski, not the British or French, created a dedicated effort (operated in Warsaw General Staff HQ) to break Germany’s Enigma I.

Nearing the end of 1932, as the French begin sharing Asche briefs with Polish intelligence, Rejewski already has been decoding Nazi military communications. He successfully calculated Enigma I wiring of its rotors.

Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Rozycki join his efforts the following year. Poland in 1933, as Nazis violently seize power, is now producing exact replicas of the German military Enigma. The Polish Cipher Bureau achieves nearly 80% success with intercepted messages. They pioneer Enigma codebreaking such as a method that British working at Bletchley Park would later simply call their “Zygalski Sheet”.

You should be asking at this point where are the British in 1933, given that Nazis are an obvious threat and the German Enigma has been broken by the Polish. Sadly, I have to repeat the point above, the British seem to have been primarily interested in the use of such machines by Spain and Italy.

Poland continues to improve their methods such that by 1937 a high security codebraking compound is running in the remote wooded area south of Warsaw (foreshadowing Bletchley Park). This is where Rejewski’s team invents the incredible Bomba Kryptologiczna for automated brute-forcing of Enigma keys.

Newman’s later thoughts about automation, presented by the British as their own greatest moment of history, were quite clearly based on the prior work of Poland.

The threat from Nazi Germany becomes so clear that on January 9th, 1939 France and Poland try to meet with British intelligence in Paris. Trust is weak and little is accomplished. Another attempt is made 27th July when the Polish invite the British and French into the compound, exposing the Bomba decryption automation machine.

After the second meeting, with far more disclosures of how far ahead the Polish are, the British and French each receive a dump with documentation of the Engima along with a replica machine made by Poland. The speedup comes because in August of 1939 Poland knew it was running out of time and had to take risks, while also never exposing how much it knew.

One week after Germany and the Soviet Union signed the poisonous Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact to collaborate on destruction of Poland, the Nazi invasion begins 1 September 1939. As Poland is overrun by Nazi troops the British establish an Enigma Research Section at Bletchley Park.

Late? Better than never.

More to the point, in January 1940 the center of codebreaking had shifted to Paris briefly. For example the Zygalski Sheet was used by Alan Turing, who had traveled to Paris to learn Polish Cipher Bureau methods, as such training was no longer possible in Poland. The Nazi invasion into Denmark and Norway in April and early May 1940 foreshadowed the 10th of May invasion of France. Thus Polish codebreaking methods, increasingly in the hands of the British including Turing, reverted across the Channel to relative safety from further Nazi disruption.

The British replication of Polish intelligence operations after 1939 Warsaw and then again after 1940 Paris makes sense, in retrospect looking at the Nazi invasion maps, yet it almost never is told as such.

Bletchley Park became known as the wartime codebreaking operation because it survived better than Warsaw or Paris. It’s only lately that people have started to ask why and how the original Enigma codebreakers Zygalski, Rozycki and especially Rejewski were for so long completely cut out of the picture by British story-tellers. I mean think hard about the fact that Zygalski, Rozycki and especially Rejewski were not given much help themselves, neither spirited away nor housed in the relative secrecy and safety of Bletchley Park.

Supposedly the first big reveal of Bletchley Park, which sparked a boom in international attention, came from a single RAF officer spilling the beans in the 1970s. He intentionally omitted the Polish from his story of British superiority, due to his own basic bigotry. It’s taken a long while to undo that unfortunate inertia. Bletchley Park itself has done a lot over the years to bring the Polish story up to the front and center.

This book fits in well to the growing body of literature about who really was doing what, where and when, to defeat the technologically inferior Nazi operations. Even though the book has a few curious historical errors and omissions, it provides perspective with fascinating personal details of an important figure in security history. It is a very overdue and welcome addition to the study of WWI and WWII.

Bottom line is whenever someone brings up the Enigma, ask them if they mean the one made by Rejewski. If they reply “who”… you now know what to do.

Multiple reports and interviews have blossomed out of a well-known historian’s discovery of video footage from 1945, which clearly documents the moment U.S. soldiers liberated thousands from a Nazi death camp train.

On April 7, 1945, 2,500 Jewish prisoners from Bergen-Belsen concentration camp were put on the train and were set to be transported to Theresienstadt. However, on April 13, the train was forced to stop near the town of Farsleben due to bombings by Allied forces advancing in the area. Some of those on board escaped the train and met up with soldiers from the 30th Division of the US Army who then returned to liberate those still trapped in the carriages.

When the handful of Nazi soldiers guarding the train saw an American tank and jeep coming over the hill, they fled. US soldiers then flung open the doors to the carriages and the occupants poured out.

George Gross, a tank commander, said: “Everyone looked like a skeleton, so starved, their faces sick. And there was something else. When they saw us, they began to laugh with joy, if you can call it laughter. It was more like an outburst of pure, almost hysterical relief.”

As prisoners encountered the liberating troops, a Jewish US soldier, Abraham Cohen, told them “Ich bin euech a Yidd,” a Yiddish phrase meaning “I am also a Jew,” and then showed them a Star of David hanging around his neck.

Matthew A. Rozell, who specializes in teaching about the Holocaust, has posted the video and blogged more details at his site TeachingHistoryMatters.com

It’s a dubious title, yet it seems Twitter and Tesla are trying to dethrone Coca-Cola as the most racist American brand.

Just a few years ago you may rember this little number:

…largest race employment discrimination class action settlement in the nation’s history.

Coca-Cola, like Tesla, had been charged with egregiously awful racism. Unlike Tesla (which says it would rather fight to the end and die in a “blaze of glory“) Coca-Cola settled on $192M to cover missing back pay to avoid being found guilty of missing back pay.

The monetary settlement in this case was in the amount of $192 million. The majority of this money went to repay employees for lost earnings and non-wage-related damages.

Sadly the famous beverage company has been very racist for a very, very long time, and sometimes even overtly in a political power-grab. Will it change now because of lawsuits? Is it on any kind of path towards becoming a respectable beverage company, instead of spreading a “classic” hate formula?

And I don’t just mean Coke management was putting white boots on Black necks after WWII.

I mean Coke management seems to have really, truly loved Hitler’s racism, like really really loved that guy and bet on him big-time.

Put more bluntly, Coke was made for white people.

Coca-Cola collaborated with the Nazis, really, really closely. Coke was the official sponsor of major propaganda events for Hitler, such as the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.

[After the sudden unexpected death of American-born Ray Powers, the German-born Max] Keith took steps to identify Coke with Nazism, including sending sales teams to mass patriotic events. “As young men goose-stepped in formation at Hitler Youth rallies,” writes Pendergrast, “Coca-Cola trucks accompanied the marchers, hoping to capture the next generation.”

Max Keith was known for his unrepentant coin-operated lies, working hard to convince Germans that it was invented by Nazis so they would drink it. He even suggested to the American company they fire Jews to prevent any association to what he had forcefully branded a Nazi drink.

When told by Allied forces to stop doing business with racists, Coca-Cola pivoted hard. The Aryan “Fantasie” brand (Fanta for short) was born under Keith to keep racist profit dreams alive. Not just lies for profit, not just promotion of Nazism, he locked himself and his hidden employer into secretly collaborating with genocide.

Using “Genozid Fantasie” would have been too obvious as a brand name, and they couldn’t be caught selling Coca-Cola to Nazis trying to kill Americans, so Fanta became Coke’s official and sanctioned answer to how to keep running their 43 bottling plants and 600 distributors under Nazi control.

Profits surged, money made from extending WWII by directly feeding Nazi command and control supplied. Moreover, profits after the war ended surge again. Coca-Cola blandly pretended all the guilt-ridden production facilities for genocide were totally legit to operate without stop (ok to flip sides) while everyone else who refused to serve Nazis, or were punished, had to completely restart and rebuild.

“I don’t think anyone [at Coca-Cola] cared that [Fanta] had roots inside of Nazi Germany,” says Pendergrast, “I think they thought no one would pay attention.”

Coca-Cola loves it when people don’t pay attention to their racism. That’s exactly how they get away with it, sometimes right out in the open.

After the NSDAP formed in 1920, incorporating late-1800s use of anti-Semitic swastikas as their symbol, the Nazis fired heavy doses of propaganda into the United States. Given the rise of the “Second Klan” had started from the top as “America First” under President Woodrow Wilson, the country had become fertile ground for white nationalist hate groups. No surprise then by 1933 big-time Nazi-agents William Dudley Pelley had created the Silver Shirt Legion of America and Heinz Spanknöbel built the Friends of New Germany.

Allegedly it was Milwaukee management for the beverage company, famous for their pre-war racist politics such as Silver Shirt and America First rallies, that came up with swastika Coca-Cola memorabilia to promote American racism.

Racists made a Coca-Cola swastika to boost racist consumer retention. How racist. I guarantee they thought no one would pay attention, and never expected Americans in 2023 to go around saying the swastika was just some generic symbol of luck.

Again, for the hundredth time, Nazis believed luck only went to the Aryans because it was unlucky to not have a swastika (e.g. Jews). They appropriated the symbol after 1871 as a connection from Indian culture claiming it proved Aryan race supremacy as well as racial exclusion… as a fraudulent story about luck.

“How lucky to be white” expressed by the swastika since the late 1800s is NOT actually a symbol of generic luck, it’s just plain racism. Let me put it like this to be clear:

IF YOU DIDN’T SHOW THE SWASTIKA, NAZIS CALLED IT THE END OF YOUR LUCK.

This became far more well known by the 1930s when Hitler took the swastika out of crazy fringe hate group meetings to be his symbol of a racist government, but I assure you it was true for at least 40 years prior (otherwise Hitler wouldn’t have used it, just like the red/white/black colors of 1871).

Did I mention how much these racists running Coca-Cola truly aligned with Hitler?

Coca-Cola just pulled [support for the 2015 “make America great again” political campaign] ad suggesting that Nazi Germany was ‘Good Old Times’

That incident came shortly after this one.

…the official Coca-Cola account tweet “We must secure the existence of our people and a future for White Children.”

And long before this one.

Tesla and Twitter clearly have some big shoes to fill with their current allegations of mistreatment of workers, let alone humanity.

Maybe Twitter recently changing their logo to an “X” is just their way of saying Coca-Cola shouldn’t be known as the most Hitler-loving American company.

People have asked me lately if I’ve seen news footage of the giant symbol erected haphazardly atop Twitter headquarters in SF. Yes, yes, I tell them. I sometimes watch it getting destroyed by the U.S. Army just to cheer me up.

Oh, they say they did Nazi that coming.

Twitter’s ‘X’ sign is taken down in San Francisco after neighbors filed 24 complaints

Why do I wish they had filed 88 complaints? I mean, have you noticed a certain pattern used in Tesla marketing announcements?

• Charge Plugs: 88
• Model Cost: 88
• Average Speed: 88
• Engine Power: 88
• Voice commands: 88
• Taxi launch date: 8/8
• Quarter mile: 8.8

That’s real. Not a joke. Seriously, let’s talk about the “X” for a minute.

Anyone who knows basic Nazi history can attest that the antisemitic use of a swastika started in the late 1800s with an “X” design. Elon Musk saying he is obsessed with such an “X” is very, very similar to a certain group of Swedes, Poles, Romanians, Finns, Germans… saying they used the swastika as an innocent “good luck charm“.

It was only meant as “good luck” to the Aryans who thought it would bring them victory in an existential fight to the death with the “unlucky” (non-swastika) races they hated and wanted to exterminate. That’s what “lucky” meant in swastika terms to those who proudly displayed their “X” affinity.

Perhaps even more to the point, the exploding swastika video at the start of this post is from Nazi party rally grounds. Do you know the peculiar and specific phrase that commonly was associated with it?

Do you?

DO YOU?

…the [new swastika app] tagline reads either like a desperate admission or an embarrassing troll. It references a colloquialism…that valorizes a spectacular but premature death.

The slogan promoted by Twitter today seems quite familiar, given Nazi history of disinformation.

Boom.

Twitter is banging a big Nazi drum, arguably the biggest since ’45. Can you hear it?

…death resulting from choosing to fight back against overwhelming enemy force rather than surrender; to choose to receive unilateral deadly force in conflict rather than end the conflict…

WWII was basically over in 1942.

The extremist and arrogant Germans were toast, yet they used the next three years for mindless self-harm, notably genocide based on racism.

…it was difficult to go to work, knowing [staff working for Elon Musk] would face racist slurs, references to slavery and offensive graffiti for 12 hours at a time. He said he made a verbal complaint to human resources in late 2021, but never heard back and nothing changed.

Hitler never changed.

We’ve talked about the symbol.

We’ve talked about the phrase.

But wait, there’s more when we look at the app.

That sounds like Twitter’s “blaze” strategy, to attract kids with an app they can use to harm others in a mad rush towards the “extreme freedom” of hitting bottom and commiting suicide.

The British soldiers said that God and Chocolate is what melted a Nazi child’s cold coal heart full of false fears and nightmares. Such stupid orientation of kids towards mass suicide was the result of disinformation, the kind of thing Twitter’s app is known for, right?

Speaking of running out of chocolate, consider how the Nazis tried to control all aspects of life through an “everything” synchronization plan.

The Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and quickly began trying to control all aspects of society. This internal consolidation of power to remake Germany as a Nazi state was known as Gleichschaltung. The term is a German word that means “coordination” or “synchronization.” Under Gleichschaltung, German political, social, and cultural life were rearranged to serve Nazi goals.

While Twitter has fashioned an obnoxious “X” symbol different yet similar to Hitler’s adaptations of the same symbolism, they also just invoked the Nazi concept of Gleichschaltung.

New CEO Linda Yaccarino tweeted that X would be “centered in audio, video, messaging, payments/banking,” a step toward Musk’s vision of creating the “everything app”…

A proprietary, centrally planned and controlled app (Gleichschaltung) to control all aspects of life (serving Twitter’s goals) is a terrible, terrible idea from a terrible human who wants to repeat the worst mistakes in history.

Twitter has been rebranded with:

1. Nazi symbol
2. Nazi phrase
3. Nazi Gleichschaltung app

Need I go any further? Do I need 88 more examples, or what?

Let’s be honest and just admit this is all about some very misguided people hoping to bring Nazism back without resistance.

…Twitter has threatened to sue a group of independent researchers whose research documented an increase in hate speech on the site since it was purchased last year by Elon Musk.

Another repeat. I guess I did need to continue.

Twitter has been rebranded with:

1. Nazi symbol
2. Nazi phrase
3. Nazi Gleichschaltung app
4. Nazi persecution of critics

Did Hitler refuse to deny claims and instead viciously attack critics for reporting the rise of hate speech?

Yes, Nazis even setup a rushed Kangaroo court to behead anyone who stood against them. After seizing power the Nazis forced over 16,000 critics into regional prisons to be assasinated with hastily deployed guillotines.

At this point I probably don’t have to point out how Nazis really, really hate being called out for being Nazis.

Here, watch this again to cheer yourself up. Works for me.

Update January 2025:

The warning below about keeping Nixon out of office was prophetic. Elon Musk used the unmistakable Hitlergruß “Sieg Heil” (Nazi) salute today at a national political rally. And he has refused to deny his Hitler salute, instead attacking all criticism with traditional anti-semitic slurs such as calling them “dirty tricks“.

This Nazi salute is banned in many countries, including Germany, Austria, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic as a criminal offense. The gesture remains inextricably linked to the Holocaust, genocide, and crimes of Nazis. Such illegal use or mimicry of Nazi gestures continues to be a serious matter that can result in criminal charges due to their connection with hate speech and extremist ideologies.

Update November 2023:

Elon Musk boasts to reporters that he thinks some of his best friends are Jewish, after he says he knows that the phrase is antisemtitic.

After this he spread and supported a “deadly” antisemitic comment on his swastika platform.

Elon Musk’s Disturbing ‘Truth’: The billionaire affirmed the deadliest anti-Semitic conspiracy theory in recent American history.

Artists get it.

Update September 2023:

People are writing that the CEO, laying in a bed with Saudi Arabia, is now belting out obnoxious hateful anti-Semitic rants on the platform that he has covered in swastikas. Yeah, so anyone think maybe the Nazi logo, Nazi tagline, Nazi everything app, and Nazi persecution of critics all weren’t enough evidence of the Nazi problem already?

I mean what’s next for the swastika brand, SpaceX makes unhinged claims to be saving the world from war by meddling in and prolonging war?

The latest news has people asking yet again when he will be stopped.

Elon Musk has admitted that his refusal to grant Ukraine permission to use his Starlink satellite network was an attempt to prevent a drone attack on a Russian naval fleet…. Having apparently spoken to the Russian ambassador to the United States – who is reported to have told him that an attack on Crimea would trigger a nuclear response – Musk is then said to have ordered his engineers to turn off Starlink coverage “within 100km of the Crimean coast”.

Elon Musk was actively defending the Russian fleet (likely due to insistence of the Chinese government) with lies about escalation risk.

Meanwhile U.S. policy clearly has been to destroy military equipment used for firing missiles into civilian areas of Ukrainian cities. Remember how in April 2022 “U.S. intel helped Ukraine sink Russian flagship Moskva“?

Destroying Russia’s flagship should have cascaded into sinking far more ships. Instead, SpaceX self-admittedly interfered by helping Russian officials protect their warships in order to keep firing missiles at schools and hospitals. Odessa’s infrastructure used in grain and agricultural exports, for example, were under attack by this Russian fleet and impacting a lot of the world. Musk’s interference to keep the attacks coming, while ignoring every and all other military use of communication, exposes him as having very political intent.

Some see this at Logan Act levels of traitor-ship. It does remind me of the Chennault Affair, when Nixon went to Vietnam to keep the war going longer and kill more Americans.

The Logan Act (1 Stat. 613, 18 U.S.C. § 953) is old and obscure. It was enacted by President Adams in 1799 very soon after George Logan, a doctor from Philadelphia, had setup meetings in Paris to “usurp the Executive authority” intending to influence France and defeat U.S. foreign policy objectives.

To obtain a Logan Act conviction, a prosecutor would need to show that the defendant sought to influence a foreign government with respect to a discrete “dispute” or “controversy” with the United States or would need to identify a “measure of the United States” that the defendant sought to “defeat.” …if the law is ever used, we suspect it will be used against the narrow class of people who are capable of causing serious damage to U.S. foreign policy.

It is almost never enforced but that should probably change now. Just think how it would have kept Nixon out of office.

Related: What Isn’t a Swastika?