RadioLab did an investigation of the “Yellow Rain” controversy involving Hmong people in Laos along the Thai border after the US pulled troops out of Vietnam in 1975 — when the “Laws of Humanity had been terminated”.

In brief, the show covers how samples collected from the area were sent to an American lab, which found artificial concentrations of T2. Since the “rain” was said to be dropped from the air, and sophistication was implied, a link to the Soviets was believed. President Reagan decided in the 1980s to restart chemical weapon development and build up an arsenal in America as a response to these findings.

The show then reports that the case was reopened by scientists who came to a completely different conclusion — a link to pollen and bees. Scientists looking at samples eventually said the improbability of “gathering pollen predigested by honeybees” undermined the argument for chemical warfare. Instead a new theory was developed that showed a link to a natural process and the original theory was challenged due to probable contamination of the lab that did the analysis.

While the style and method of the story are hotly debated now and generating a response from the RadioLab show, what remains as certainties are Reagan’s reaction to a threat, restart of the manufacture of chemical weapons in America (based on faulty discovery of T2) and documentation of genocide of the Hmong.

At the RSA Conference Europe 2012 last week David and I explained how businesses can build a real Active Defense plan, as reported by The Register.

Companies and governments are constantly under siege by hackers and malware. Standard incident response is failing and police are overstretched. Faced by these challenges, small businesses have the option to actively respond against attackers rather than mounting only a passive defense.

Rather than jumping to the conclusion that any defensive action beyond currently accepted techniques is illegal, better and more effective options need to be considered, the argument runs.

Our presentation emphasizes the philosophy and law of self-defense and the need to formally document engagement rules and steps. After the presentation an audience member asked me to comment on the Clegg criminal law case from Northern Ireland.

I found this case described in detail at a school of law and in Cases & Materials on Criminal Law: Fourth Edition by Mike Molan

In relation to the first three shots, the judge accepted Private Clegg’s defence that he fired in self-defence or in defence of Private Aindow. But with regard to the fourth shot he found that Private Clegg could not have been firing in defence of himself or Private Aindow, since, once the car had passed, they were no longer in danger.

The situation involved soldiers on patrol who ordered a car to stop. When the car failed to follow orders it was fired upon. The soldiers’ claims were evaluated against scientific proof that a fourth shot hit the threatening vehicle after it had passed (entered it from the rear) and was more than 50 feet away. This contradicted Clegg’s testimony that he fired three shots through the front and the fourth shot through the side door as the car passed nearby. The judge thus ruled a fourth bullet was fired “with the intention of causing death or serious bodily harm” and Clegg was found guilty of murder.

YouTube has this archival video of the news with more detail, including an attempt by the soldiers to falsify proof of motive.

In a somewhat related news story of today, several Royal Marines have been arrested for how they handled a captured combatant. The arrests were based on video of the incident found on a laptop during a civilian investigation of one of the soldiers.

Footage discovered on a serviceman’s laptop prompted the arrest of seven Royal Marines on suspicion of murder over an incident in Afghanistan, Sky News has learned.

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) said the arrests by the Royal Military Police relate to an incident that happened after an engagement with an insurgent.

Sky sources revealed it only came to light following an arrest last week by civilian police – for a separate matter – of a man who had been serving in Afghanistan.

During that investigation, they had to look at his laptop – where they discovered a video that showed what were allegedly Royal Marines in a compound in Helmand Province with what appears to be an injured Taliban insurgent.

Sources say the clip contains a conversation about what to do with the injured man and whether to administer first aid.

Five soldiers have now been charged with murder.

Defense Secretary Philip Hammond pledged that any abuse would “be dealt with through the normal processes” of military justice.

“Everybody serving in theater knows the rules of engagement. They carry cards in their uniforms with the rules on them in case they should need to remind themselves,” Hammond told the BBC on Sunday.

These cases bring two points to mind.

First, defensive acts have to be measured and proportionate. Preparation and training are essential so action in the heat of the moment can be found reasonable. Some may see these as prohibitively costly calculations but let’s face it, organizations already are working on disaster recovery policy and procedures that do the same thing.

It is a cost relative to threats; a company that wants to stay in business simply has to do the math and make a business decision.

Second, even trained professional soldiers obviously can violate codes of conduct or rules of engagement. That is why formal documentation and verification of procedures are essential to the success of a defensive action.

On this day in 1863, two and a half years after the start of the Civil War, hundreds of pro-slavery Confederates led by Captain William Quantrill disguised themselves as Federal soldiers, then ambushed and killed more than 50 Wisconsin men stationed in “Bloody Kansas”.

Amongst the killed were the brigade band’s 11 men. Several of them had been pinioned to the band wagon by swords driven through them while still alive and the wagon then set afire. Among these served in this way were T.L. Davis, of Platteville, and Johnny Fritz a 15-year-old drummer boy; a sword had been driven through his thigh and then into the woodwork of the wagon.

Quantrill’s group was known to not only torture and burn men alive but kill them even after surrender. Quantrill himself had earned a reputation as a liar and spy.

By the end of 1863 his methods were a clear burden to the Confederate Army, which had to assign soldiers to protect civilians from his men. He eventually was arrested in Texas by a Confederate General in early 1864 on charges of ordering the murder of an officer.

Civilians were accosted, homes were broken into, church steeples were shot up, and a Confederate recruiting officer, Major George N. Butts, was found shot to death on the side of a road. “They regard the life of a man less than you would that of a sheep-killing dog,” said [General] McCulloch. “I regard them but one shade better than highwaymen.” In Sherman, drunken guerrillas rode their horses into a hotel lobby and shot out the gaslights.

Quantrill easily escaped arrest by McCulloch and then tried to continue his style of guerrilla raids, leading men like Jesse James on campaigns North and East of Texas. He was shot in 1865, as he claimed he wanted to march on the US President, and died while in a hospital.